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Lifespan predictions getting closer

Researchers have devised a way to estimate whether an individual can expect to live longer or shorter than average by studying the effect of genetic variations on lifespan across the human genome.

Study author Paul Timmers from the University of Edinburgh and an international team of researchers set out to identify key genetic drivers of lifespan.

In the largest ever genome-wide study of lifespan to date, they paired genetic data from more than 500,000 participants in the UK Biobank and other cohorts with details of the lifespan of their parents.

Rather than studying the effects of one or more selected genes on lifespan, they looked across the whole genome to answer the question in a more open-ended way and identify new avenues to explore in future work.

Because the effect of any given gene is so small, the large sample size was necessary to identify genes relevant to lifespan with enough statistical power, Mr Timmers explained. 

The researchers validated six previously identified associations between genes and ageing, such as the APOE gene, which has been tied to the risk of neurodegenerative disease. They also discovered 21 new genomic regions that influence lifespan.

They used their results to develop a single, personalised genomic score that estimates a person’s genetic likelihood of a longer life. Based on weighted contributions from relevant genetic variants, this score allowed the researchers to predict which participants were likely to live longest.

“Using a person’s genetic information alone, we can identify the 10 per cent of people with the most protective genes, who will live an average of five years longer than the least protected 10 per cent,” said Mr Timmers.

The researchers also wanted to know whether genetic variants were affecting the ageing process directly or affecting risk of individual diseases that could lead to death. 

They found that among common variants – those found in at least one in 200 people – the ones associated with Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease and smoking-related conditions were linked to overall lifespan. 

Notably, they did not find lifespan associations for other cancers, suggesting that susceptibility to death caused by other cancers is due to rarer genetic variants or the environment.

“This was an interesting result,” Mr Timmers said. “We suspect that the variants we found, such as for smoking and Alzheimer’s disease, pertain uniquely to the modern period of human history.

“For example, a genetic propensity to smoke wasn’t harmful before we discovered tobacco, but it is now. Since natural selection has not yet had many generations to act on these variants, the variants are still fairly common,” he explained.

To build on their findings, the researchers plan to investigate how the variants and functional pathways they identified affect lifespan. For example, they plan to study whether these pathways are associated with single diseases that have implications for longevity or a broader spectrum of age-related diseases. 

Would you undergo genetic testing to find out how long you can expect to live?

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